transmission is largely through national parks. To control the wildlife rabies, an AdV

serotype 5 vectored vaccine was developed. The vaccine that expresses the rabies

glycoprotein (AdRG1.3) is produced using HEK-293 cells. Then, AdRG1.3 AdV is

formulated and packaged into baits by Artemis Technologies Inc. using proprietary

technology [19]. To meet the requirement of field trails, AdRG1.3 AdV production

was successfully scaled up from 1 to 500 L. The results of field trials demonstrated

advantages of the vaccine in immunizing wild animals that were previously difficult

to vaccinate [19]. The vaccine is currently licensed for use in Canada.

11.2.3.1.2

AdV-Based Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Vaccine

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a Picornaviridae RNA virus. FMD afflicts

cloven-hooved animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and buffalo with pedal

and oronasal vesicular lesions. The virus can be transmitted through aerosol droplets,

direct contact, and ingestion with infected animals [57]. There are seven FMDV

serotypes, and numerous strains. In most countries throughout Africa and Asia, in-

activated vaccines are widely used to control outbreaks. Compared with inactivated

vaccines, the next-generation recombinant FMD vaccines that are produced without

virulent FMDV strains have more advantages, especially for a rapid response against

newly emerging FMDV. In 2012, Adt.A24 FMD vaccine was licensed by the U.S.

Department of Agriculture for conditional use to protect cattle [58]. The vaccine used

a replication-defective human AdV containing the capsid- and 3C protease-coding

regions of the A24 FMDV [59]. Previous studies demonstrated that this vaccine can

protect both swine and cattle with 64% efficacy [60].

11.2.3.2

AdV-Based Ebola Vaccine

First appearing in 1976 in Africa, Ebola is one of the most severe hemorrhagic fever

viruses. Causing a sudden high fever, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, and even

bleeding, Ebola has fatality rates of 20–90%. There are five known species of Ebola

including Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo

ebolavirus, and Reston ebolavirus [61]. Since there have been no treatments so far,

it is vital to develop vaccines to control the disease. In 2017, China’s food and drug

authority approved a licence for the Ebola virus vaccine. An Ad5-EBOV vaccine

was developed by CanSino Biologics Inc., based on the same principle. The product

is stored as a stable lyophilized powder, which is convenient to transport and use in

remote areas. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) developed a recombinant chimpanzee ade-

novirus type-3 vectored vaccine against Zaire Ebola (ChAd3-EBO-Z). It has been

registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02548078) for a phase two clinical trial.

ChAd3-EBO-Z was proved to elicit immunity and good tolerance in children aged

1–17 years [2]. Since about 20% of cases were reported in children during the large

Ebola virus outbreak in 2013–2016, the vaccine candidate developed by GSK

shows a great value.

11.2.3.3

AdV-Based COVID-19 Vaccine

Since the first report of a patient infected with acute respiratory syndrome cor-

onavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, over 240 million positive cases have been

reported worldwide so far, causing over 4.8 fatalities. Currently, four AdV-based

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Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines